黄土高原马栏林区辽东栎更新特性研究

研究了黄土高原马栏林区主要植被类型中的辽东栎幼苗的数量特征,更新层幼苗、幼树的实生和萌生特性及其辽东栎在垂直结构上的数量分布。结果表明:(1)辽东栎幼苗在黄土高原马栏林区分布广泛且数量充足。不同的植被类型中辽东栎种群表现出不同的大小级结构,在油松—辽东栎混交林、油松林和辽东栎林中辽东栎种群的幼苗、幼树和成树均占一定的比例,而在油松—白桦混交林、白桦林、山杨林和山杨—白桦混交林中辽东栎种群则以幼苗和幼树为主。表明辽东栎种群在该地区植被的发展过程中将产生重要的作用。(2)辽东栎在这一地区是由实生和萌生的个体混合组成的。在各种植被类型中实生植株的密度都高于萌生植株,辽东栎种群的更新在该地区可能主要是通过实生植株来完成的,即辽东栎实生植株在更新过程中起重要的作用。但萌生植株作为辽东栎顺利通过瓶颈的一种手段,作为辽东栎种群繁衍和稳定的一种途径,在辽东栎种群的更新中也起着一定的作用。     

外源H2O2对小麦幼苗耐盐性的调节作用

以高原448小麦品种为材料,分别测定了4个处理(Hoagland营养液、Hoagland营养液 150 mmol/LNaCl、Hoagland营养液 150 mmol/L NaCl 10μmol/L H2O2和Hoagland营养液 10μmol/L H2O2)的小麦幼苗在第2、4、6、8天叶片叶绿素、丙二醛、可溶性糖和还原性谷胱甘肽含量.结果显示:外源H2O2提高了NaCl胁迫下4个时段小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量(8.27%、32.57%、10.19%、4.86%)及还原性谷胱甘肽含量(3.09%、23.97%、5.85%、2.11%),显著提高了可溶性糖含量(14.58%、8.43%、16.68%、5.8%,P<0.05),而显著降低了其丙二醛含量(17.53%、14.04%、4.75%、8.47%,P<0.05).外源H2O2(10μmol/L)使NaCl胁迫下叶绿素含量和还原性谷胱甘肽含量峰值提前,同时推迟了丙二醛峰值出现的时间.研究表明,外源H2O2通过提高叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖和还原性谷胱甘肽含量以有效地增强小麦幼苗的耐盐性.     

四种沙埋深度对羊草种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响

模拟羊草种子自然埋藏深度状况,设计了0、1、2和3cm共4种沙埋深度实验,研究了其出苗率及幼苗生长对沙埋深度的响应。结果表明,羊草种子出苗率随埋深的增加呈下降趋势,0cm时出苗率最高为89.3%,1和2cm时分别为81.5%和78.5%,3cm时最低(73.5%),与前三者具有显著差异。埋深对地上株高生长动态的影响主要表现在,播种后25d,0～2cm处理的羊草幼苗地上株高均高于3cm处理;播种后36d,4种处理的地上株高没有显著差异。此外,随着埋深的增加,羊草幼苗的根长、根数、根冠比呈先上升后下降趋势,叶片数呈下降趋势,绝对株高则呈上升趋势。表明1～2cm沙埋深度更适宜于羊草种子出苗及幼苗生长,而0或3cm埋深不利于其出苗和幼苗生长。     

Potential for control of seedling blight of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum and related species using the bacterial endophyte Bacillus mojavensis

Fusarium-infected wheat seed decreases germination, seedling emergence, and causes post emergence seedling death, and can contribute to wheat scab and ear rot of maize, with consequent production of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Current seed treatments have proved ineffective in controlling seedling blight and scab. A patented endophytic bacterial strain, Bacillus mojavensis RRC 101, and several other strains of this species were studied to determine in vitro antagonism to some Fusarium species and to assess the potential of this bacterium to serve as an endophytic biocontrol for seedling blight of wheat produced by species within the F. graminearum complex, as well as other species of Fusarium. Seedling emergence and seed germination were two tests used as indicators of seedling blight. These tests were conducted in growth rooms with two wheat cultivars highly susceptible to scab, Norm and Pioneer 2552, and other cultivars with varying resistance to scab. The results indicated that all strains of this bacterium were antagonistic in vitro to the strains of F. graminearum and its seven related species, as well as four strains of F. pseudograminearum and the two strains of F. verticillioides. Germination of the highly scab susceptible cultivar 2552 was increased from 77 to 97% when planted in soil containing a mixed inoculum of F. graminearum and related species. Seedling emergence in the very susceptible wheat cultivar Norm increased from 20 to 82% when treated with the bacterium. The data indicated that inoculating wheat kernels with B. mojavensis reduced seedling blight of wheat produced by F. graminearum and related Fusarium species indicating the potential for this bacterium as a biocontrol under field condition.     

汞对水稻幼苗部分生理生化指标的影响

目的:探究Hg2 对水稻幼苗生长的影响。方法:通过水培实验,研究分析了水稻幼苗在不同浓度Hg2 (0~2.0mmol/L)胁迫下株高、鲜重、叶绿素含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化。结果:表明0.05mmol/L的Hg2 短时间内对水稻幼苗生长有一定的促进作用,高于0.05mmol/L的处理,随着Hg2 浓度的增加,植株生长明显受到限制。当Hg2 浓度≤0.1mmol/L时,POD活性先上升后下降,而Hg2 浓度≥0.5mmol/L时则持续降低。结论:Hg2 对水稻幼苗生长抑制程度与处理浓度和处理时间成正相关。     

3种荒漠盐生植物根系及根毛形态特征的比较研究

在水培条件下,针对梭梭、囊果碱蓬和钠猪毛菜3种荒漠盐生植物,研究它们苗期在不同盐浓度条件下根系和根毛形态的差异。结果表明：一定浓度的盐分可以促进3种盐生植物生长,但较高浓度的盐抑制其生长,特别是对根系生长的抑制作用更大。在同样盐浓度下,钠猪毛菜的生长最快,生物量也最大。在盐分浓度较低时,3种盐生植物的主根长和总根长都有所增加,与对照相比,囊果碱蓬增加的幅度较大,但高浓度的盐会抑制根系总长度的增加,其中囊果碱蓬较梭梭和钠猪毛菜抑制的程度轻。盐分对3种植物的根系平均直径没有显著的影响,但有减小的趋势。在水培条件下,梭梭和囊果碱蓬的根系上、中、下部分布的较均匀,而钠猪毛菜的根系中部比上部和下部有显著的增加,盐分对每种植物的根系的分布没有显著的影响。3种植物的根毛与根系生长环境中的盐浓度没有明显相关性;3种植物之间,根毛的长度和密度有显著差异。从根系和根毛的形态特征可以推断：囊果碱蓬比梭梭和钠猪毛菜具有较强的抗旱性和耐极薄能力;梭梭的耐盐能力较其它2种植物差,囊果碱蓬的耐盐性最强。     

水稻幼苗活力性状的低温反应数量性状基因座检测

以籼粳交“密阳23/吉冷1号”的F2：3代200个家系作为作图群体,在12℃冷水胁迫下,进行苗高、苗鲜重和苗干重等水稻幼苗活力性状的低温反应鉴定,并利用由SSR标记构建的分子连锁图谱为基础,对冷水胁迫下苗高、苗鲜重和苗干重以及它们的低温反应指数进行了数量性状基因座（QTLs）检测。研究结果表明,低温胁迫下上述幼苗活力性状在F3家系群中均表现为接近正态的连续分布,表现为由多基因控制的数量性状;在第1、2、7、8和12染色体上,检测到与幼苗活力性状的低温反应相关的QTL共12个,对表型变异的贡献率范围为5．2％-17．9％,其中位于第2染色体RM262-RM263区间和第12染色体RM270-RM17区间的与低温下苗高相关的qCSH2和qCSH12,以及位于第12染色体RM19-RM270区间和第1染色体RM129-RM9区间的分别控制低温下苗干重及其低温反应指数的qSDW12和qCSDW1对表型变异的贡献率较大,分别为16．6％、17．9％、15．9％和16．2％。其增效等位基因均来自吉冷1号,前两者均表现为加性效应,后两者分别表现为显性和超显性。     

Effects of abscisic acid and its related compounds on rice seedling growth

Rice seedlings with the mesocotyl and coleoptile (the undeveloped leaves enclosed in the coleoptile) are here referred to as MC type seedlings and are considered to be suitable for deep sowing. We investigated the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and several of its related compounds on the occurrence of MC type seedlings and on rice mesocotyl growth. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. JC 91) seedlings were grown on 0.8% agar medium in the presence or absence of various kinds of ABAs under aseptic conditions at 30 °C in the dark for 14 days. The activity of the R isomer of ABA (R-ABA) was slightly less than that of the naturally occurring S form (S-ABA) concerning the occurrence of MC type rice seedlings and the growth of the rice mesocotyl. In addition, the racemate of R-and S-ABA (RS-ABA) is less effective than R-ABA and S-ABA alone.Trans-ABA had no activity in relation to both percent occurrence of MC type seedlings and mesocotyl growth. The results of the present study suggest that the occurrence of MC type rice seedlings and the growth of rice mesocotyls were closely related to structure-activity relationships with analogs of ABA.     

Regeneration failure of lakeshore plants under an artificially altered water regime

To reveal the effects of artificial alteration of water level regime on the regeneration of lakeshore plants from seeds, we examined the factors causing regeneration failure in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. A survey of microtopography within and around a remnant fragment of lakeshore vegetation revealed that, over a large range, the habitat is frequently inundated in spring under the current water regime, although it was rarely inundated under past water regimes. Analysis of the patterns of seedling emergence and establishment at microsites at various elevations revealed a significant negative correlation between number of inundation days and abundance or species-richness of seedlings that emerged in the spring. Most seedling deaths occurred when the study site was inundated. We suggest that regeneration failure caused by the artificial raising of the lakes water level is one of the principal mechanisms of the recent vegetational decline in the lake.